{"id":56,"date":"2011-12-12T08:27:41","date_gmt":"2011-12-12T08:27:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.enago.tw\/blog\/?p=56"},"modified":"2020-07-29T09:33:53","modified_gmt":"2020-07-29T09:33:53","slug":"%e7%a7%91%e6%8a%80%e8%88%87%e9%86%ab%e5%ad%b8%e5%af%ab%e4%bd%9c%e7%9a%84%e7%b2%be%e7%a2%ba%e7%a8%8b%e5%ba%a6%ef%bc%9a%e9%9a%a8%e6%a9%9f%e8%88%87%e7%b3%bb%e7%b5%b1%e6%80%a7%e8%aa%a4%e5%b7%ae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ulatus.tw\/academy\/%e7%a7%91%e6%8a%80%e8%88%87%e9%86%ab%e5%ad%b8%e5%af%ab%e4%bd%9c%e7%9a%84%e7%b2%be%e7%a2%ba%e7%a8%8b%e5%ba%a6%ef%bc%9a%e9%9a%a8%e6%a9%9f%e8%88%87%e7%b3%bb%e7%b5%b1%e6%80%a7%e8%aa%a4%e5%b7%ae\/","title":{"rendered":"\u79d1\u6280\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u5beb\u4f5c\u7684\u7cbe\u78ba\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1a\u96a8\u6a5f\u8207\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u79d1\u6280\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u5beb\u4f5c\u5927\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u5be6\u9a57\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u800c\u5be6\u9a57\u6578\u64da\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u6e96\u78ba\u6027\u8207\u7cbe\u78ba\u5ea6\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u6578\u64da\u624d\u80fd\u6b78\u7d0d\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6578\u64da\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u628a\u4e8b\u5be6\u5c0e\u5411\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u79d1\u6280\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u8ad6\u6587\u9996\u91cd\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u6578\u64da\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u6574\u9ad4\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5be6\u9a57\u8207\u5206\u6790\u6642\u7684\u7cbe\u78ba\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u672c\u6587\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u7c21\u4ecb\u5e38\u898b\u8aa4\u5dee\u4f86\u6e90\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u96a8\u6a5f\u8207\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\uff09\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u8aa4\u5dee\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u8aa4\u5dee\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u5e03\u578b\u614b\u3002\u4e5f\u6703\u8a0e\u8ad6\u591a\u6b21\u6e2c\u91cf\u67d0\u5b9a\u91cf\u5024\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u6e2c\u91cf\u5024\u6216\u8a08\u7b97\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u6574\u5408\u5448\u73fe\u6578\u64da\u6216\u5206\u6790\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8003\u616e\u4e0b\u5217\u4e8b\u9805\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u6578\u64da\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8868\u793a\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u53ca\u7d9c\u5408\u6027\uff1a<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8003\u616e\u5be6\u969b\u60c5\u6cc1\u6216\u6578\u64da\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u6d89\u53ca\u8a66\u9a57\u8a2d\u8a08\u8207\u8a66\u9a57\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8aa4\u5dee\u4f86\u6e90\uff08\u96a8\u6a5f\u6216\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\uff09\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u6578\u64da\u90fd\u6703\u6709\u8aa4\u5dee\uff0c\u4f46\u7d55\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\uff01<\/li>\n<li>\u6aa2\u9a57\u4e26\u7d0d\u5165\u5404\u7a2e\u8aa4\u5dee\u4f86\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8a02\u5b9a\u6e2c\u91cf\u5024\u6216\u8a08\u7b97\u503c\u53ef\u5141\u8a31\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\u7bc4\u570d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u8aa4\u5dee\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u96a8\u6a5f\u8aa4\u5dee\u8207\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5148\u4f86\u770b\u770b\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u96a8\u6a5f\u8aa4\u5dee\uff1a<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u6a23\u54c1\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u6e2c\u91cf\u7d50\u679c\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\uff1a\u6e2c\u91cf\u503c\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u662f\u6839\u64da\u767c\u751f\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u96a8\u6a5f\u8aa4\u5dee\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\u7d71\u8a08\u5f71\u97ff\uff1a\u6839\u64da\u8a66\u9a57\u8a2d\u8a08\u9078\u64c7\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u64f4\u5927\u8aa4\u5dee\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff08\u986f\u8457\uff1f\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u986f\u8457\uff1f\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6e2c\u91cf\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u5100\u5668\u7684\u5075\u6e2c\u6975\u9650\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5100\u5668\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\u7bc4\u570d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5e38\u898b\u6a5f\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u578b\u614b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5169\u7a2e\u578b\u614b\u7684\u4e8c\u9805 (binomial) \u5206\u5e03\u5716\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u6e2c\u91cf\u6b21\u6578\u6216\u6a23\u672c\u6578\u5c11\uff0c\u6a5f\u7387\u4e0d\u9023\u7e8c\u4e14\u4e0d\u5c0d\u7a31\uff1a\u535c\u74e6\u677e (Poisson) \u5206\u5e03\u3002<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Poisson_pmf\" src=\"http:\/\/www.enago.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/10\/Poisson_pmf.png\" alt=\"\u82f1\u6587\u7de8\u4fee\u3001\u8ad6\u6587\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u8ad6\u6587\u7de8\u4fee\" width=\"360\" height=\"288\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u8a72\u5716\u64f7\u53d6\u81ea\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<a class=\"contentlink\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poisson_distribution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Poisson distribution<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n<p>2. \u6e2c\u91cf\u6b21\u6578\u6216\u6a23\u672c\u6578\u591a\uff0c\u6a5f\u7387\u9023\u7e8c\u4e14\u5c0d\u7a31\uff08\u5e38\u614b\u5206\u5e03\uff09\u3002<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Normal_Distribution_PDF.svg\" src=\"http:\/\/www.enago.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/10\/Normal_Distribution_PDF.svg_.png\" alt=\"\u82f1\u6587\u7de8\u4fee\u3001\u8ad6\u6587\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u8ad6\u6587\u7de8\u4fee\" width=\"350\" height=\"224\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u8a72\u5716\u64f7\u53d6\u81ea\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<a class=\"contentlink\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Normal_distribution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Normal distribution<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n<h2>\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u518d\u770b\u770b\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\uff1a<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\u50be\u5411\u70ba\u300c\u4e8b\u5148\u5b58\u6709\u504f\u898b\u300d\u7684\u6e2c\u91cf\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6e2c\u91cf\u5100\u5668\u4e0d\u6e96\u78ba\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8a2d\u5099\u6216\u6280\u8853\u4f7f\u7528\u932f\u8aa4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u907f\u514d\u6216\u6e1b\u5c11\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6aa2\u67e5\u3001\u5206\u6790\u6e2c\u91cf\u5100\u5668\u8207\u6280\u8853\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8b39\u614e\u9032\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e0d\u540c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u9032\u884c\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u74b0\u5883\u689d\u4ef6\u8207\u4f7f\u7528\u5100\u5668\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u76f8\u540c\u5b9a\u91cf\u6a23\u54c1\u7684\u5169\u4efd\u5be6\u9a57\u5831\u544a\u7d50\u679c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u8655\u7406\u4e0d\u7576\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u6574\u9ad4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u8aa4\u5dee\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u542b\u4e0b\u5217\u5404\u9805\uff1a<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u9632\u6b62\u4e26\u5b9a\u91cf\u5404\u7a2e\u96a8\u6a5f\u8207\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6ce8\u610f\u8aa4\u5dee\u4f86\u6e90\u52a0\u6210\uff1a\u591a\u6b21\uff08\u9805\uff09\u6e2c\u91cf\u6578\u503c\u7d2f\u7a4d\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7531\u65bc\u591a\u9805\u6e2c\u91cf\u6578\u5024\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u7368\u7acb\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u7368\u7acb\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7d93\u904e\u56b4\u683c\u8207\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u78ba\u4fdd\u5f15\u7528\u6578\u503c\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u6578\u503c\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u9069\u7576\u7684error bar\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8b93\u540c\u5115\u5c0a\u91cd\u60a8\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u7d50\u679c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599\uff1a<\/strong><br \/>\nEnago\u82f1\u6587\u90e8\u843d\u683c <a class=\"contentlink\" title=\"Permanent Link to Accuracy: Random and Systematic Errors\" href=\"http:\/\/www.enago.com\/blog\/accuracy-random-and-systematic-errors\/\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Accuracy: Random and Systematic Errors<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u79d1\u6280\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u5beb\u4f5c\u5927\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u5be6\u9a57\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u800c\u5be6\u9a57\u6578\u64da\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u6e96\u78ba\u6027\u8207\u7cbe\u78ba\u5ea6\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u6578\u64da\u624d\u80fd\u6b78\u7d0d\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u6578\u64da\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u628a\u4e8b\u5be6\u5c0e\u5411\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u79d1\u6280\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u8ad6\u6587\u9996\u91cd\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u6578\u64da\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u6574\u9ad4\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5be6\u9a57\u8207\u5206\u6790\u6642\u7684\u7cbe\u78ba\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u672c\u6587\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u7c21\u4ecb\u5e38\u898b\u8aa4\u5dee\u4f86\u6e90\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u96a8\u6a5f\u8207\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\uff09\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u8aa4\u5dee\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u8aa4\u5dee\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u5e03\u578b\u614b\u3002\u4e5f\u6703\u8a0e\u8ad6\u591a\u6b21\u6e2c\u91cf\u67d0\u5b9a\u91cf\u5024\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u6e2c\u91cf\u5024\u6216\u8a08\u7b97\u503c\u3002 \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u6574\u5408\u5448\u73fe\u6578\u64da\u6216\u5206\u6790\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8003\u616e\u4e0b\u5217\u4e8b\u9805\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u6578\u64da\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8868\u793a\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u53ca\u7d9c\u5408\u6027\uff1a \u8003\u616e\u5be6\u969b\u60c5\u6cc1\u6216\u6578\u64da\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u6d89\u53ca\u8a66\u9a57\u8a2d\u8a08\u8207\u8a66\u9a57\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\u3002 \u5b9a\u7fa9\u8aa4\u5dee\u4f86\u6e90\uff08\u96a8\u6a5f\u6216\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\uff09\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u6578\u64da\u90fd\u6703\u6709\u8aa4\u5dee\uff0c\u4f46\u7d55\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\uff01 \u6aa2\u9a57\u4e26\u7d0d\u5165\u5404\u7a2e\u8aa4\u5dee\u4f86\u6e90\u3002 \u8a02\u5b9a\u6e2c\u91cf\u5024\u6216\u8a08\u7b97\u503c\u53ef\u5141\u8a31\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\u7bc4\u570d\u3002 \u8aa4\u5dee\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u96a8\u6a5f\u8aa4\u5dee\u8207\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u8aa4\u5dee\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5148\u4f86\u770b\u770b\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u96a8\u6a5f\u8aa4\u5dee\uff1a \u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u6a23\u54c1\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u6e2c\u91cf\u7d50\u679c\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u8aa4\u5dee\uff1a\u6e2c\u91cf\u503c\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u662f\u6839\u64da\u767c\u751f\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u3002 \u96a8\u6a5f\u8aa4\u5dee\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a \u7d71\u8a08\u5f71\u97ff\uff1a\u6839\u64da\u8a66\u9a57\u8a2d\u8a08\u9078\u64c7\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u64f4\u5927\u8aa4\u5dee\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff08\u986f\u8457\uff1f\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u986f\u8457\uff1f\uff09\u3002 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